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Considering the 2017 baseline of 45 US$/kW net, a further reduction to 40 US$/kW net is expected in 2025 by reducing the cost of the Air CEM Unit cost and the bipolar plates cost. US Department of Energy (DoE) suggested several strategies for reducing the cost using a road map.
![fe pc-ph fe pc-ph](https://www.scielo.cl/fbpe/img/jcchems/v58n4/art13-figura04.jpg)
Not only platinum is an expensive element but platinum-based catalysts are also prone to instability and poisoning especially in the presence of anions. The oxygen reduction reaction at the cathode requires a large amount of platinum-based catalyst owing to the sluggish nature of this reaction. īoth anodic and cathodic reactions in low temperature fuel cells are catalyzed by the utilization of platinum or platinum group metal catalysts. The main cost related to the fuel cell stack and the overall fuel cell system is the catalyst and its application with roughly contributing to 948$ to the overall system (27%). Particularly, considering the cost of the entire system to be 3500 US$ (500,000 units/year), the fuel cell stack is estimated to cost 1531 US$ and the auxiliary part named as balance of plant (BOP, air system, cooling system, water humidifiers and recycling, etc.) instead 1969 US$, corresponding to 44% and 56% respectively. Recently, the US Department of Energy (DoE) has done a cost analysis on direct hydrogen fuel cell vehicles giving also important outlooks and perspectives. Particularly in the case of low temperature fuel cells, known also as proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) or alkaline membrane fuel cells (AFCs) depending from the operating pH, a significant reduction of cost is needed in order to largely commercialize the technology. Despite deep and profound improvements and enhancement in the fuel cell (FC) technology, especially in the past decade, cost of large-scale deployment of FC systems still remains the largest impediment toward a sustainable energy infrastructure.
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Fuel cells are promising electrochemical devices for energy production and they have several advantages compared to existing technologies such as (i) higher conversion efficiency compared to diesel/gas engines (ii) water production is the final product of the reaction (iii) if hydrogen is produced through electrolysis from renewable energy, the overall production of electricity is sustainable and does not produce greenhouse gases (iv) utilization of hydrogen and not oil or gas ( ). * Share photos by e-mail, Picasa, Facebook, Twitter.The demand for clean energy and sustainable development has necessitated the use of energy generation devices like fuel cells. Adjust the JPEG quality in a flexible manner. * Edit from the library and take a new photo from the camera
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* Perspective, red-eye, adjust brightness contrast * Fine tune color using the interface (Curves) * Adjust color, add effects, rotate, crop, resize images, add borders, cloning and draw directly on the photo. Share photos via e-mail, Picasa, Facebook, Twitter or any way you like. Your photos including gamma correction, auto contrast, auto-tone color, blur, sharpen, oil painting, sketch, high-contrast black and white, russet, and more.Įdited images can be saved to your photo library, set as wallpaper or stored on the SD card. In addition, Photo Editor offers a large variety of effects to images Options include adjusting color hue, saturation, contrast, and brightness. Photo Editor is a simple application and easy to manipulate image editing.Īdjust color, add effects, rotate, crop, resize, frame, mirror, and draw on your photos.